Liu Yuxi in the period of Langzhou and the development of literary thought in Tang Dynasty

 ♦ Lu Shengjiang

    After the failure of Yongzhen's reform, in September (805), Liu Yuxi was demoted first to Lianzhou Prefecture, and then to Langzhou Prefecture。He was 34 years old。In the winter of the ninth year of Yuan and 814, Liu Yuxi was returned to Beijing at the age of 43。Liu Yuxi counted ten years before and after his tenure in Langzhou Sima。Langzhou is in Changde, Hunan Province。The Ten years of Langzhou is an important period of Liu Yuxi's literary creation and thought development. The ten years of Langzhou is closely related to the development of Tang Dynasty's literary thought。In the study of the development of Tang's literary thought in the late Tang Dynasty, we should pay attention to Liu Yuxi's creation in Langzhou for ten years。
 

一

    After the flourishing Tang Dynasty, literary thought went through a tortuous course。Dali years, the pursuit of quiet and indifferent poetry。Liu Changqing and Qian Qi their poems, there is always a cold and lonely feelings, feelings diluted and even plain。There are feelings, but lack of deep historical reflection。During the reign of Zhenyuan Yuanhe, there was a revival in politics and literature。As far as the text is concerned, the history of Han Yu's eight generations of decline, read its text, no matter miscellany or discussion, there is always a kind of health in the ups and downs of the writing。Liu Zongyuan's article, the discussion is sharp writing, landscape travel is the style in the desolateness of the pure gas。As far as poetry is concerned, no matter Han Meng or Yuan Bai, or Liu Liu, there is a new upward atmosphere。Han Yu's poems, whether written about Dongting Lake water, write about snow, write about red rattan cane, or write about Luhun mountain fire, strange and strange, there is a flow of anger and tension in the turbulence and change of the beauty。The Yuan satire is fierce and has a kind of political confidence in it。Bai Juyi's leisurely poems are negative in thought and calm in mind, without deep historical thoughts。Liu Zongyuan's poems, just like his prose, have a kind of clear and fierce air。

    Entering the late Tang Dynasty, great changes took place in literary thought。People's artistic pursuits have changed。Li Shangyin and Wen Tingyun write about the theme of love, boudoir life, life vision from the vast society back to the narrow world of personal life。A large number of poems about the trivial things in personal life, singing entertainment, is an important aspect of the change of literary thought。Another important aspect is the deep feeling of the rise and fall of history and the recognition of the philosophy of life。In the history of emotion and life recognition revealed a helpless mood。Du Mu's "Dengle Garden" : "The sky is light and lonely birds are not, and the ancient sales sink to this.。See what the Han family cause, Wuling no trees from the autumn wind。This is a typical example。The Han family was what kind of cause, and the final pin sank in the autumn wind。Du Mu's "Six dynasties cultural relics grass even empty, day light cloud idle today ancient with" (" Xuanzhou Kaiyuan Temple water pavilion your Wanxi Jiaxi people "), is the same feeling。There is also Xu Hun's "Gusu Nostalgia" : "The palace Yu base stop checking, millet seedlings infinite alone sad song。Elk for new grass, empty park fu 鹥 account for shallow sha。Wu Xiu rain to the virtual sill cold, Chu Jiang wind fast far sail。Poor country break loyal minister died, every day east flow born white wave。The Gusu Palace was once so prosperous, and now it is only a remnant of the ground, only to see unlimited millet seedlings, herds of moose, a scene of desolation。Writing Han, writing the six dynasties, naturally is to write Tang, feeling the Tang dynasty to decline irreversible。Compared with Han Meng or Yuan Bai in the Middle Tang Dynasty, the literary thought has changed a lot。
 

二

    We are going to talk about when and by whom this change in literary thought began？Discussing this issue, the first to enter our sight, is Liu Yuxi, Liu Yuxi has a lot of poems, is noticed by people。For example, the famous "Xisai Mountain Nostalgia" : "Wang Jun building ship under Yizhou, Jinling king Qi sadly closed.。Chihiro iron lock the bottom of the river, a drop 旛 out of the stone。The world several times hurt the past, Yamagata still pillow cold current。Today is the day of home, so the base Xiao xiao Redi autumn。For Changqing four years autumn to and state through the Xisai mountain made。"Through the Tan Dao Ji," said: "The Great Wall is broken, wilderness camp weeds fall.。Moling many girls, still singing white Fu dove。Also for the year to go to and state by Jiangzhou。There is also "Jinling five", such as the famous "Stone city" : "The mountains around the motherland, the tide hit the empty city lonely back.。Huai River east of the old moon, late at night also over the wall。There is also "Wuyi Lane" : "Zhuque bridge side grass flowers, Wuyi lane entrance sunset slanting.。In the old days, Wang Xie Tang flew into the homes of ordinary people。The poem was written in the Treasure calendar when He was in office。We are further concerned about Liu Yuxi's ten years in Langzhou。We think that this change of Liu Yuxi's literary thought began in the ten years of Langzhou。

    We see Liu Yuxi's earlier epic poem, is "Two poems on History", written in August of the year of Yongzhen Yuan Chang 'an。The first poem said: "A horse is not without power, but a young prince will not go.。The world is falling, my heart is strong。According to the Annals of the History, General Wei's Biography of the Hussars, General Wei Qing retreated on the day, and the hussars increasingly expensive, the general's old men to do more to ride the hussars, often get the official title, only Weiqing Ren An word Shaoqing refused to go。Although Yu two Kings lost power, but his heart like a pillar, do not go with the tide。Second said: "Jia Sheng Ming Wang Dao, Wei Wan work car play.。In the same encounter with the Chinese language, who is in the position of honor。Han Jia Yi Ming in Wang Dao, Wei Wan only work car play, the same encounter with Chinese, a demotion and a promotion。For Wang Shuwen, the work of speech and the rule of the road was criticized。The two poems are based on the history of the Ming, has not yet seen the sense of historical rise and fall。At that time, Liu Yuxi had not yet been demoted to Langzhou。

    To Liu Yuxi was banished to Longzhou, Yongzhenyuan winter from Jiangling to Longzhou via Dongting Lake, as "Junshan Nostalgia", poetry said: "belongs to car eighty-one, here to block Changfeng。Thousands of years will Ling, ochre mountain cold water。Qin destroyed nine countries, and its car clothing, was a car eighty-one, in Junshan block wind, anger and orders are cut Xiangshan trees, ochres its mountain, and now lasts thousands of years, Weiling are done, only ochres mountain standing in the cold water。There is a sense of the vicissitudes of history in the poem。Yuan and four years of spring in Langzhou, there are "Sing the ancient two first have sent", the second: "silent light mirror table, left the ancient Nanyang。In the past, the real people came to swim, and the phoenix followed。Eyes into Sangye, Chi then store pepper room。There are no three thousand women, the original heart must not be forgotten。Han light Wudi new wild and na beauty Yin Lihua, although there are three thousand harem, and the original heart do not forget。Poetry Ming has ambition, but the first two sentences "silent light mirror table, left the ancient Nanyang", Han Guang Wudang day, and now only the ancient Nanyang Yu light mirror table in the loneliness, there is still a sense of history。In the same year, he also wrote "Yangshan Temple to Watch the Gods" in Langzhou, with the preface: "Liang Pine invaded here in the south, and then became his god, in Langzhou.。The poem said: "Han family capital Wei old expedition brute, blood food now matches this mountain.。Qu cover deep gray juniper, Dongxiao sorrow between the green screen。Jingwu pulse of the word of God, wild old dancing dancing drunken yan。Sunset wind outside the temple, a few people even touch bamboo song。After the Han emperor's emperor's son-in-law Liang Song invaded South man and got blood food by sacrifice, had a prosperous time, and now the sunset wind, is still a cold。There is also a sense of the past and the present。Yuan and four or five years of Longzhou for another, "Read the Dong evaluation of thought to return because of the poem gift" : "A few years of oil curtain Zuo Zheng East, but pan Cang waves sex fishing children。Lean pillow drunk sleep into play butterfly, hold the piano idle look to send to Hong。Confucian self attack glue west phase, leaning on the Voneng Qi Saion。More say the boat move Xiang thought, green mushroom has cooked nai autumn wind。His friend Dong Ting once took Dali to comment on the Jingnan shogunate, and finally the late day still Dao, ruling the Dingzhou, floating lake。Scholars such as Dong Zhongshu should be attacked as the king of Jiaoxi, and such as Zhuang Zhou dream butterfly, luck in disguise, the world is unpredictable。The situation of green mushroom has been cooked, the autumn wind again, it is also moving the thought of returning home。Poetry is not a chant for history, but to write about personal experiences, which also have a deep life emotion。

    Yuan and eight years around Liu Yuxi and "Tai Niang Song"。According to the preface of the poem, Tai Niang was a pipa prostitute kept by Wei Xia Qing, a scholar of the Ministry of Inspection and Works of Suzhou。In the early Yuan and early years, Shangshu in Tokyo, Tai Niang out of the residents, for a long time for the Qiuzhou governor Zhang 愻, then 愻 sat in Wuling County, 愻 died, Tai Niang nowhere to return, the land is desolate and far away, no one can know its appearance and art, so the day hold Musical Instruments and cry, the sound 燋 kill with sadness。The poem wrote its heyday: "Tai Niangjia Benchang gate, west gate green water ring golden Dyke。Sometimes makeup into good weather, walk on the Gao bridge folding flower play。Merry Taishou Wei Shangshu, road side suddenly see stop falcon 旟。Measure the pearl bird, blue tenets into the city。Long lock such as cloud clothes like fog, Jin Yin Luo recommended light step。Dance to learn to surprise Hong water pavilion spring, song on the guest LAN Tang twilight。From Langxi into the emperor city, you travel hosta group incense curtain stud。Low locked slow look hold bright moon, fiber finger to break the Hu wind。"How proud。The poem also writes about its decline: "Once the prosperity has a rest, the title sword no light shoe sound.。Luoyang old house grass lai, Duling Xiao xiao pine and cypress ai。The net is thick as a cocoon, and the Boshan furnace is cold and grey。Prince Zhang, governor of Qizhou, the white horse came to the bronze camel。Since the words buy laugh throw gold, the moon fell in the clouds from now on。Ann know d «›³ bird seat corner fly, lonely travel soul。Qin Jia mirror before the knot, Han Shou Xiang sales so suitcase clothes。"Wei Shangshu, the old house grass Lai everywhere, mausoleums pine and cypress xiao, how desolate。Although Zhang 愻 got it, Zhang 愻 died soon after, only to find a lonely soul。The poem writes about the current situation: "Mountain city few people Jiangshui Bi, broken geese mourning ape rain night.。Zhu Xian has never been bosom friend, Yunbin not autumn privately cherish。Look up the wind smoke is not the old days, the dream to find more uneven road。How to put this thousand lines of tears, but also sprinkle the Xiangjiang bamboo branches。"Zhu Xian has been absolutely, the wind and smoke is not old, the way back can only be found in a dream, tears and the ancients are sad, the mountain city is less people, the river is deep blue, the wind and rain, the broken goose ai ape, not only decline, more miserable。The poem is not to chant history, but to write the Tai Niang encounter, and the Tai Niang encounter, revealing the same deep sense of past prosperity and current decline as some epic poems。

    Yuan and in Longzhou also made "Hanshou City Spring Look", preface cloud: "Ancient Jingzhou Shi Zhi Pavilion, under the Zixu temple and the tomb of the king of Chu。Poetry cloud: "Hanshou city side weeds spring, famine temple tomb to Jing Hazel.。Tanaka pastoral upright burning dogs, strangers on the pedestrian to see Shilin。Hua table in the air by thunder, the inscription to see full of dust。I don't know how the day will change, this place is still to the road。"Tang poetry advocate Notes" has a good comment。Volume one comments: "Only the three words' weeds spring 'have infinite desolation.。Citing He Zhuo comment more detailed analysis, it said: "This Hanshou city side spring but weeds, famine temple, tombs and Jingzhen opposite, and the country broke down, tyrant map elimination, the city spring look, only see 'grazing vertical burning dogs',' pedestrians see Shilin 'ear.。As for the tomb without the whole column, the tablet without the completion of the text, everywhere bleak, as far as the pole。If you want to become a road, it may wait for the East Sea dust day!"If we compare Liu Yuxi's "Xisai Mountain Nostalgia" and "Wuyi Lane" in "Jinling Five Topics", we can feel the deep feelings of the history of great changes in prosperity and decline。And this poem, is written in the Langzhou period!
 

三

    In the description of the rise and fall of history, deep emotion is conveyed, helpless mood is expressed, and some common image description also appears。

    Like weeds.。Wild grass is a common image in this kind of poetry。Liu Yuxi himself lamented the vicissitudes of the rise and fall of the nostalgic epic often have。As mentioned above, "wild weeds fall in the wilderness camp" in "Jingtan Daoji So Lei", "wild flowers beside the Zhuqi Bridge" in "Wuyi Lane", and "thousands of households and thousands of doors become weeds" in "Taicheng".。此外，Other poets such as Xu Hun "Ling 歊" "Sleeping garden without a master and wild begonia open"，"The ancient stele beside the rock is empty green moss"，"Li Shan" "Wild Artemisia on the Wall of the palace"，"Xianyang City East Building" "birds under the green wuwu Qin Yuan Xi，Cicadas singing yellow leaves Han Gong Autumn"，"The Moose compete for New Grass" in Gusu Nostalgia，The images of wild apple, green moss, wild artemisia, green turnip, yellow leaves and new grass are close to weeds。Another example is Du Mu's "Xuanzhou Kaiyuan Temple...""Six dynasties cultural relics grass even empty", "Golden Valley Garden", "water merciless grass since spring", "Sui Gong Spring" : "spreading grass luxuriant full of the Imperial Palace", "ancient palace" : "grass color invading the royal road", all have the image of weeds。The image of weeds in the poems of Shi Huaigu appeared earlier in Liu Yuxi's poems of Longzhou ten years, such as the "Hanshou City Spring Look" mentioned above, that is, there is "Hanshou City side weeds spring", using "weeds" to express the sense of historical rise and fall, is a feature of Liu Yuxi's poems of Longzhou ten years。

    For example, the ruins and decaying walls are also the images that often appear in the late Tang Dynasty。For example, Xu Hun's "Gusu Nostalgia" wrote "Moose fighting for new grass", in addition to writing "palace Yu base", "empty garden", which is similar to the waste platform。His "Guangling Road" : "City potential has Potuo", "Retrace of the two pieces of Gusu nostalgia" one: "Palace is less Yin, Tai famine moose trace。"Ende Temple" : "The tower horizontal heavy, still half rock empty.。"Ling 歊 platform" : "The walking hall has a base of wild carina, the sleeping garden has no master wild begonia open.。Another example is Du Mu's "Chizhou abandoned Linquan Temple" : "Abandoned temple on the Lin stream, crumbling walls lean against chaotic peaks.。"The ancient palace" : "The pavilion is leaning against the sun, and the flowers are full of incense every year.。Heavy door locks youth night, deep hall curtains long day。Grass color lush invading royal road, spring sound whimper around the palace wall。Another example is Xue Feng's "Social Day Yukai Yuan View" : "Pine and cypress when Xuan Mangui hedge, ancient altar declining grass at night wind.。Desolate courtyard no one, lonely smoke only know。Wave-stained law hall more than image set, water storage virtual hall half science instrument。Because of the dream of the day, the story clearly carries the tablet。"There are ruins and crumbling walls or similar images。This kind of image also appeared earlier when Liu Yuxi was demoted to Lianzhou Langzhou。Liu Yuxi Yongzhen Yuan in October on the way to Lianzhou, there is "Yicheng song" : "wild water around the empty city, dust from the lone station.。Trees on the side of the ruined platform, stone stone Yang engrave forehead。Decadent degree pedestrian, warm wind blows the wheat。"That is, there is an image of wasteland。"Tai Niang Song" : "Luoyang old house grass Lai, Duling Xiao Xiao pine and cypress mourning。There are also such images。"Hanshou City spring Look" : "Hanshou city side weeds spring, famine temple tomb to Jing Hazel。Tanaka pastoral upright burning dogs, strangers on the pedestrian to see Shilin。Hua table in the air by thunder, the inscription to see full of dust。I don't know how the day will change, this place is still to the road。"And write all the ruins of the monument。It is also a characteristic of Liu Yuxi's ten years of poems in Longzhou to express the sense of the past Sheng and the present decline。The appearance of these images influenced the late Tang Dynasty poetry of Shihuai。

    Why Liu Yuxi's poems in Langzhou ten years will have this change？Two things come to mind。One is the failure of Yongzhen's innovation, prompting him to further think about the real social problems, and the other is that Langzhou is in Chu。Chu culture since Chu Chu Qu Yuan, there is a tradition of loyalty to the king and worry about the country。His Treatise on Heaven is a kind of thinking。His "Wuling book Huai fifty rhyme", from the "Western Han Dynasty expenditure county, the southern dynasty number Qi Fan" to write, "and Dong Shu medieval Santiao words to Yin Guo Yi" from the "collapse Teng Tianbao end, dust dark Yan South Droit" to write, "and Li Liuyu Wenxuan King Temple Shidianzuo" lamenting Confucius "heart rhythm heavenly way, no place to save the Yi", the real contains a thinking。When we worry about the country, we think about reality, and this thinking naturally leads to history, thinking about how the Tang Dynasty changed from prosperity to decline in ancient times。There are many problems involved in this area, which will be elaborated on later。