Liu Yuxi's satirical poems and the formation of his creative thoughts

 ♦ Kang Heung-min

    Liu Yuxi was a famous poet with a unique style in the Middle Tang Dynasty, and was known as "poetry master" by his contemporaries.。In the early years, it was named Liu Liu and Liu Zongyuan.。In his later years, he sang with Bai Juyi and was called "Liu Bai".。In the first half of his life, he actively participated in the "eternal Zhen reform" headed by Wang Shuwen, but failed to change his original intention。In the ten years of relegating Langzhou, his concern for the country, his sympathy for the people, his hatred for the eunuchs, and his sorrow and anger for what he encountered were complicated thoughts interwoven in his works, among which his satirical poems were the most influential and socially valuable ones。

    "Pointing things into poems and making comments" is the theoretical pillar of the ancient culture movement in the Tang Dynasty, and the guiding ideology of Liu Yuxi's satirical poetry creation, and his political situation is the social root of his creative thought。His career in the middle Tang Dynasty has turned from prosperity to decline。After the "An Shi Rebellion", the national vitality was greatly damaged, and the situation that the central government could not control the separation of the prefectures appeared。The bigger political dilemma is eunuchs 'dictatorship.。The emperor could not trust the military generals outside and could not fully trust the bureaucrats in the court, so he had to follow the old path of the Han Dynasty and entrust power and even military authority to the eunuchs as domestic slaves。Such a political pattern, how can not make Datang decline。Painful feelings, clear understanding, and urge his poem "Nourishing the Vultures."。In the poem, the bird of prey "hunger is for use" is to quote allusions to satire today, which is very targeted and combative。The quote and verse: "Husbands and birds are vultures, but hunger is their use.。Today's feeding is too good, so it is also ", "heavy wings can not fly", "drink pecks already surplus, an can Lao wing", is the author to nourish the insidious to insinuate the imperial court's sooty vassal so as not to be used, and lead to the vassal division。During the period of Xianzong Yuan He, several major rulers in Sichuan, Zhenhai, Chengde, Huaixi, Henan and other places rebelled, resulting in frequent wars。The poet allegorically alleges that the emperor's appeasement of military generals led to his inability to resist Tupan's offense。In the first year of Guangde (762), it was allowed to pass into Chang 'an, making the capital fall into enemy hands twice in less than a decade。Due to internal and external difficulties, economic collapse and people's livelihood fading, the Tang Dynasty suffered many disasters and was in turmoil。

    "Favoring small groups and alienating talents" is the harsh environment Liu Yuxi is in。At that time, Dezong was suspicious, domineering, unwilling to accept honest advice, and inclined to listen to it。Xuanzong died in the eunuch Chen Hongzhi's rebellion because of his "credit is not human"。Liu Yuxi, who was "the spring breeze and the horseshoe disease" at the beginning，As a freshman, he showed extraordinary political talent，In the year of 16 (800), he was the secretary of the Shogunate of Toyou，Have a strong ability to govern，Because he is one of the most brilliant men of his generation，And aroused the envy and attack of the little people，Finally due to "and the prohibition，What you say you will do."，Be "every called a prime minister"，And to be "evil and disorderly government", "slander the end of the people" of the language。Especially after he participated in the reform group, the high CAI outstanding vision has been further played: advocating change due to time, opposing the conformism, advocating meritocracy, these opinions are pointed out for the reality of the abolition of the code of discipline at that time and the chaos of official governance, with strong pertinence。In the end, Liu Yuxi was alienated and attacked。In view of the ruling group of faint king and small man, with a sad mood, he used "dizzy mirror words" to denounce。Poetry to mirror as metaphor, "indifferent lost its crystal" "ugly more self-deception, if it mirror bright。When imperfections are not seen, beauty arises at will。Four or five photos a day, since the beauty of the city。The poem's spicy satire on the emperor, loyalty and adultery, good and evil, right and wrong。The small people who are slanderous and flatter are regarded as guests, and the wise men who are not hidden in truth and learn more are put into prison。At the same time, it makes people who don't know how ugly they are ugly。At the same time, he also wrote a song called "Hundred-Tongue singing", comparing the hundred-tongue birds with "myriads of changes in tongue" and "hundred-tongue birds with many rhymes" to small flocks。All day long, they will only slander loyal ministers and wise men, flying slander and provoking quarrels。To the emperor but ingratiating, boasting。These two poems are cleverly conceived, ironic and have a strong social function。

    Liu Yuxi had already become an official when he was in Dezong, and he cheated and embezzled Li Shi in the court, using corrupt funds to buy off eunuchs and powerful ministers, regardless of the despicable behavior of the people。At that time, Han Tuizhi was desperate to impeach Li Shi, but because Li Shi was too powerful, the result was to relegate Han Tuizhi to Yangshan。"Flying Kite Exercise" is aimed at the extreme corruption of the court, the power of the heinous and created, among which the "eagle eagle Yi Yi heart, although there is a heaven what is enough precious", Li Shi these villains compared to the flying kite with the shape of the instrument。"Suddenly hearing the hunger of the birds, glancing down at the clouds fighting for the rotten rats" compared them to the "hungry birds" fighting for the rotten rats.。The author criticizes their insatiable nature and dirty and despicable inner world, which expresses the author's deep dislike and resentment to the shameful people。

    Emperor Dezong died and the prince ascended the throne。At this time, Sunjong had the desire to correct many of the shortcomings of his father's administration in his later years。Wang Shuwen, Liu Yuxi, Liu Zongyuan and others had the intention of promoting social progress。The "Eternal Zhen Reform" was a series of reforms centered on the attack on the eunuchs 'power and the separation of vassals, which was supported by the people。The first major action of the new regime was to abolish the "palace city" where eunuchs were extorting the people, remove the great evil - the Five square children and the corrupt and law-bending Li Shi, and recall the good officials loved by the people: Lu Zhi, Yang Cheng, Zheng Yushe。The court eunuchs hated the reformers so much that they forced Shunzong into "inner Zen," and they had no real military control。As a result, all the members of the Shunzong regime were marginalized。Finally, Wang Shuwen was given death, Wang PI died of illness after being demoted, and Liu Yuxi and other eight people were demoted to the far state Sima, the so-called "two Wang eight Sima".。The failure of the "eternal Zhen reform", the fall of the party line, and the encounter of the reformers are the ideological roots of the formation of "Mosquito Ballad"。In the poem, "I am seven feet tall, and I am lonely, and I can hurt."。He compared the group of bureaucrats who suppressed the "eternal Zhen Innovation" to small and hateful mosquitoes。"On a heavy summer night, the idle hall is open, and the flying insects wait for the dark sound like thunder, the clamor suddenly is terrible to hear at first, and the Yin comes from the southern mountains, the noise encourages the joy of the dark, and the ignorant cannot distinguish the deaf from the confused。"Clever beginning, rendering its fox tiger attitude。At the end of the end, "Qing Shang came to autumn dawn, ashamed micro-shaped feeding Dan bird.。These ferocious creatures, like these, are fed only with Dan birds。The author uses poems to "relieve sorrow" and "Relieve the qi of Yi Yu winding in the chest"。

    Liu Yuxi, Liu Zongyuan, Han Ye, Han Tai and Chen Jian, who were recalled to Beijing, were the five "Jiangxiang expelled guests".。I did not know that the extremely important turning point in their official career was about to take place in this Xuandu view。They came to the Xuan Du view, and found that the view of the dignitaries and the young prince under the flower pavilion, and saw some scholars competing to write poems, have to sing the beauty, more and more people, at this time Liu Yuxi can not hold his breath, immediately occupied a total:

Purple momo red dust touched his face, no one does not see flowers back。
Xuandu view peach thousand trees, all Liu Lang after planting。

    Liu Yuxi side sing, Han Tai side theme on the wall, signed: "Yuan and ten years from Langzhou to Beijing Opera to see the flowers of the gentlemen"。

    The three or four sentences in the poem are from things to people, touching the scene and evoking emotion。The thousands of peach trees in the Xuandu Temple were not there when I was in Chang 'an ten years ago, and the peach trees planted later have grown so lush。"Trees like this, how can people。"It's not that I don't understand, but the world is changing fast!"These two sentences seem to be plain scenery, in fact, intended to be outside the poem。宪宗早期的宰相是武元衡，掌有大权。Wu Yuanheng initially opposed the "permanent Zhen reform" of Liu and Liu, and he became prime minister after Liu Yuxi was demoted。At that time, there were many people standing in the united front with Wu Yuanheng, so they were not "peach thousand trees", are "Liu Lang after planting"？Thousands of trees and peach blossoms allude to the political upstarts who are full of enthusiasm, and the people who look at the flowers are metaphors for those who are social and social climbers。Tang people have the social custom of praising peonies and denouncing peach blossoms, and the words "play gift" in the title are enough to show that Liu Yuxi wrote this poem in a humorous tone。The last two sentences expressed the author's indignation and contempt for and dissatisfaction with the eunuchs of the current dynasty in great detail and ridiculed very deeply, and the whole poem will show Liu Yuxi's pride and integrity。His poetry and character are admired。Because of allusion to Wu Yuanheng and others peach blossom poetry, the emperor re-use a few Sima imperial edits delayed, Liu Yuxi and finally ended up a once again was demoted, and will begin thousands of miles to the famine career。

    To sum up, Liu Yuxi's satirical poems are the product of his practice of "making poems by pointing to things and making criticism at every turn" in the field of poetry, and are representative works of realism with profound disclosure and strong criticism in his contemporary poems。